Jean-Paul Sartre’s “Existentialism and Human Emotions” is a concise and accessible explanation of existentialist philosophy. The book aims to clarify existentialism, defend it against common criticisms, and explain its implications for human emotions and morality. Here is a simple summary of its key points:

Introduction: Defending Existentialism

Sartre begins by defending existentialism against its critics. He addresses two main groups of critics: Communists and Christians. Communists accuse existentialism of being overly focused on the individual and disconnected from social concerns, while Christians accuse it of promoting despair and moral relativism. Sartre aims to show that existentialism is a practical and optimistic philosophy that empowers individuals to take responsibility for their actions and make meaningful choices.

What is Existentialism?

Sartre explains that existentialism is based on the idea that “existence precedes essence.” This means that humans are not born with a predefined purpose or nature; instead, we create our own essence through our actions and choices. Unlike a manufactured object, like a paper knife, which is designed with a specific purpose in mind, humans must determine their own purpose and values.

Radical Freedom and Responsibility

One of the central themes of existentialism is radical freedom. Sartre argues that we are entirely free to make our own choices, but this freedom comes with immense responsibility. We cannot blame our actions on external forces such as fate, society, or human nature. Instead, we must accept that we are responsible for everything we do.

Anguish, Abandonment, and Despair

Sartre introduces three key existentialist concepts: anguish, abandonment, and despair.

1. Anguish: This refers to the feeling of deep responsibility we experience when we realize that our actions define not only ourselves but also set an example for others. When we make choices, we are essentially legislating values for all humanity.
2. Abandonment: This concept reflects the idea that, without God, we are left alone to face the consequences of our freedom. Sartre echoes Dostoyevsky’s sentiment that “if God does not exist, everything is permissible,” meaning we must create our own moral framework.
3. Despair: Sartre defines despair as the recognition that we can only rely on ourselves and the factors within our control. We must act without hope that the universe will align with our goals or that others will necessarily support us.

Subjectivity and Intersubjectivity

Sartre emphasizes the importance of subjectivity in existentialism. Our personal experiences and choices are paramount. However, he also introduces the concept of intersubjectivity, which means that our existence and identity are intertwined with those of others. We understand ourselves through our interactions with other people.

Humanism and Existentialism

Sartre redefines humanism in an existentialist context. He distinguishes between traditional humanism, which sees humans as having inherent value, and existentialist humanism, which sees value as something we create through our actions. Existentialism, according to Sartre, is a form of humanism because it emphasizes human freedom and the capacity to create meaning in life.

Bad Faith and Authenticity

A significant part of existentialist thought is the idea of “bad faith.” This is when individuals deceive themselves into thinking they are not free or responsible for their actions. For example, someone might claim they are just following orders or societal norms to avoid taking responsibility for their choices. Sartre argues that living authentically means acknowledging and embracing our freedom and responsibility.

Criticisms of Existentialism

Sartre addresses several criticisms of existentialism:

1. Subjectivism and Relativism: Critics argue that if everyone creates their own values, there is no objective basis for judging actions. Sartre counters that while values are subjective, the act of choosing itself is universal. People can be judged on whether they act in good faith, recognizing their freedom and responsibility.
2. Inaction and Despair: Some believe existentialism leads to inaction or despair. Sartre argues the opposite: existentialism demands action. Since we are responsible for creating meaning, we must actively engage with the world.
3. Isolation: Critics say existentialism isolates individuals. Sartre responds that existentialism acknowledges the interdependence of individuals. Our freedom and actions are always in a social context, affecting and being affected by others.

Existentialism in Practice

Sartre provides practical examples to illustrate his points. He discusses a young man choosing between staying with his mother and joining the French Resistance during World War II. This example shows that existentialism does not provide easy answers but demands individuals take responsibility for their choices.

Emotions in Existentialism

Sartre concludes by discussing how existentialism relates to human emotions. Emotions are not just passive experiences but are connected to our actions and choices. We can shape our emotions through how we choose to perceive and engage with the world. For example, fear is not just something that happens to us; it is something we can confront and manage through our decisions.

Sartre’s existentialism is ultimately an optimistic philosophy. It empowers individuals to create their own meaning and values. By recognizing our freedom and responsibility, we can live authentically and purposefully. Existentialism challenges us to face life’s inherent uncertainties and create a fulfilling and meaningful existence through our actions and choices.