OTHELLO
You have seen nothing then?

• Explanation: Othello directly questions Emilia, implying that she might have witnessed some inappropriate behavior between Cassio and Desdemona. His tone reflects his growing suspicion.
• Analysis: Othello’s interrogative approach is accusatory, as he already believes that something untoward has occurred between Desdemona and Cassio.
• Language Devices: Direct question.
• Themes: Jealousy, Trust and Betrayal – Othello’s insecurity is apparent as he continues to interrogate Emilia.

---

EMILIA
Nor ever heard, nor ever did suspect.

• Explanation: Emilia denies having any knowledge or suspicion of wrongdoing between Desdemona and Cassio.
• Analysis: Emilia’s statement indicates her loyalty and innocence. She sees no evidence of any dishonorable relationship.
• Language Devices: Denial, use of repetition (“Nor ever”).
• Themes: Loyalty, Innocence, Trust – Emilia’s reply emphasizes her trust in Desdemona’s integrity.

---

OTHELLO
Yes, you have seen Cassio and she together.

• Explanation: Othello implies that Emilia must have seen them together, perhaps assuming that a man and woman’s mere proximity implies an affair.
• Analysis: Othello’s growing obsession with his suspicions has clouded his reasoning. He is fixating on minor details as evidence.
• Language Devices: Assertion.
• Themes: Jealousy, Obsessive Love – Othello’s unchecked jealousy is leading him to draw conclusions without solid proof.

---

EMILIA
But then I saw no harm, and then I heard
Each syllable that breath made up between them.

• Explanation: Emilia defends Desdemona’s honor, asserting that there was nothing inappropriate in the interactions she witnessed.
• Analysis: Emilia stresses that she observed everything carefully, reinforcing her belief in Desdemona’s purity. This adds credibility to Emilia’s character.
• Language Devices: Contrast (“no harm” vs. “each syllable”) – emphasizing the normalcy of the interaction.
• Themes: Loyalty, Innocence, Trust – Emilia’s defense of Desdemona is rooted in her faithfulness to her friend.

---

OTHELLO
What, did they never whisper?

• Explanation: Othello is grasping at any potential sign of inappropriate behavior, even something as trivial as whispering.
• Analysis: This question reveals Othello’s increasing paranoia. He’s fixating on insignificant details that would normally be considered harmless.
• Language Devices: Rhetorical question.
• Themes: Jealousy, Insecurity – Othello’s jealousy causes him to question every small action, however innocent it may be.

---

EMILIA
Never, my lord.

• Explanation: Emilia emphatically denies that there was any whispering, reinforcing her earlier statement.
• Analysis: Emilia’s response is firm and unequivocal, underscoring her loyalty and her belief in Desdemona’s fidelity.
• Language Devices: Direct, simple answer. The use of “Never” emphasizes her certainty.
• Themes: Loyalty, Truth – Emilia’s unwavering response highlights her integrity.

---

OTHELLO
Nor send you out o’ th’ way?

• Explanation: Othello asks if Desdemona ever tried to send Emilia on errands, implying that such actions could be part of a covert plan to cover up an affair.
• Analysis: Othello is now asking very specific questions, trying to extract any piece of evidence, no matter how trivial, that could confirm his suspicions.
• Language Devices: Question (continued theme of suspicion).
• Themes: Jealousy, Mistrust – Othello is deepening his mistrust, seeking any reason to support his irrational beliefs.

---

EMILIA
Never.

• Explanation: Emilia, once again, denies any such behavior.
• Analysis: Emilia’s consistency in her answers suggests her truthfulness. However, Othello’s distrust remains unchanged.
• Language Devices: Simple, definitive response. “Never” implies no deviation from the truth.
• Themes: Loyalty, Truth – Emilia continues to stand by her friend, yet Othello is not convinced.

---

OTHELLO
That’s strange.

• Explanation: Othello reacts to Emilia’s repeated denials with surprise, which shows how his mind is becoming increasingly clouded by suspicion.
• Analysis: This line suggests that Othello is not fully trusting what he is hearing, as he is so consumed by his own insecurities.
• Language Devices: Short, abrupt response, conveying disbelief.
• Themes: Jealousy, Mistrust – Othello’s disbelief in Emilia’s testimony further reveals the destructive power of jealousy.

---

EMILIA
I durst, my lord, to wager she is honest,
Lay down my soul at stake. If you think other,
Remove your thought. It doth abuse your bosom.
If any wretch have put this in your head,
Let heaven requite it with the serpent’s curse,
For if she be not honest, chaste, and true,
There’s no man happy. The purest of their wives
Is foul as slander.

• Explanation: Emilia passionately defends Desdemona, willing to stake her soul on her friend’s innocence. She warns Othello that his suspicions are harming him and that if anyone has poisoned his mind with lies, they deserve divine punishment.
• Analysis: Emilia’s strong words reflect both her devotion to Desdemona and her belief in the importance of trust in marriage. She is deeply upset by Othello’s baseless accusations. Her appeal to Othello’s emotions serves as a call for him to reconsider his doubts. Emilia also highlights the dangers of slander, equating false accusations to poison.
• Language Devices: Hyperbole (“Lay down my soul at stake”), metaphor (“abuse your bosom” and “serpent’s curse”), and contrast (“If she be not honest, chaste, and true” vs. “no man happy”).
• Themes: Loyalty, Truth, Jealousy, The Dangers of Slander – Emilia underscores the devastating impact of false accusations and defends the sanctity of honest relationships.

OTHELLO
Bid her come hither. Go.

• Explanation: Othello orders Emilia to bring Desdemona to him. His tone is cold and commanding.
• Analysis: Othello is assertive, but his emotions are clearly clouded by jealousy and suspicion.
• Language Devices: Imperative command.
• Themes: Jealousy, Power Dynamics – Othello’s command underscores his belief that he has the power to control the situation.

---

Emilia exits.

OTHELLO
She says enough. Yet she’s a simple bawd
That cannot say as much. This is a subtle whore,
A closet lock and key of villainous secrets.
And yet she’ll kneel and pray. I have seen her do ’t.

• Explanation: After Emilia leaves, Othello expresses his disdain for Desdemona, calling her a “bawd” (a woman who runs a brothel) and accusing her of hiding villainous secrets. He also notes her hypocrisy, as she prays and pretends innocence.
• Analysis: Othello is consumed by jealousy, and his mind is now fully turned against Desdemona. He is attributing deceit and false piety to her based on his baseless suspicions. His words reflect a breakdown in his perception of her.
• Language Devices: Metaphor (“closet lock and key of villainous secrets”), imagery (vivid description of Desdemona’s supposed duplicity), and irony (Desdemona’s piety is juxtaposed with Othello’s accusations).
• Themes: Jealousy, Betrayal, False Piety – Othello’s jealousy transforms him into a person who sees deception everywhere, even in her prayers.

---

Enter Desdemona and Emilia.

DESDEMONA
My lord, what is your will?

• Explanation: Desdemona enters, ready to address Othello’s request, but is confused by his strange behavior.
• Analysis: Desdemona is polite and attentive, though clearly troubled by Othello’s behavior.
• Language Devices: Simple, respectful question.
• Themes: Innocence, Obedience – Desdemona remains obedient and caring despite the tension.

---

OTHELLO
Pray you, chuck, come hither.

• Explanation: Othello calls Desdemona “chuck,” a term of endearment, but his tone is condescending. This shows a shift in how he perceives her, turning affection into manipulation.
• Analysis: The term “chuck” is now tainted by his suspicions. It highlights how Othello’s feelings for Desdemona are being warped by jealousy.
• Language Devices: Term of endearment used ironically.
• Themes: Jealousy, Power Dynamics – Othello’s change in tone reflects the erosion of trust in their relationship.

---

DESDEMONA
What is your pleasure?

• Explanation: Desdemona is trying to understand what Othello wants from her. Her question is one of compliance and confusion.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s response is respectful, indicating her willingness to please Othello, though she is unsure of his motives.
• Language Devices: Simple question.
• Themes: Obedience, Innocence – Desdemona’s response continues to reflect her submissiveness.

---

OTHELLO
Let me see your eyes. Look in my face.

• Explanation: Othello demands that Desdemona look him in the eyes, perhaps trying to discern guilt or deceit.
• Analysis: Othello is searching for signs of dishonesty in Desdemona’s eyes. This moment highlights his lack of trust.
• Language Devices: Command, visual imagery (looking into her eyes).
• Themes: Mistrust, Jealousy – Othello’s growing suspicion compels him to scrutinize every detail, even her gaze.

---

DESDEMONA
What horrible fancy’s this?

• Explanation: Desdemona is confused and alarmed by Othello’s behavior. “Fancy” refers to a fancy thought or delusion.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s bewilderment indicates that she is not privy to Othello’s internal turmoil and is shocked by his irrational behavior.
• Language Devices: Exclamation (“What horrible fancy’s this?”).
• Themes: Innocence, Miscommunication – Desdemona’s genuine confusion contrasts with Othello’s misguided suspicions.

---

OTHELLO, to Emilia
Some of your function, mistress.
Leave procreants alone, and shut the door.
Cough, or cry “hem,” if anybody come.
Your mystery, your mystery! Nay, dispatch.

• Explanation: Othello instructs Emilia to leave and keep watch at the door while he speaks to Desdemona. He refers to Emilia’s role as a “function” (a servant) and uses a dismissive tone.
• Analysis: Othello’s tone is authoritative, reinforcing his sense of control and dominance. His command reflects the growing tension and distrust in the scene.
• Language Devices: Imperatives (“Leave,” “shut,” “cough”), repetition (“mystery, mystery”).
• Themes: Jealousy, Power Dynamics – Othello asserts his control over the situation, trying to keep Desdemona isolated so he can confront her.

---

EMILIA exits.

DESDEMONA, kneeling
Upon my knees, what doth your speech import?
I understand a fury in your words,
But not the words.

• Explanation: Desdemona, confused and hurt, asks Othello to clarify his words. She senses anger but doesn’t understand the reason behind it.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s kneeling symbolizes her submission and desperation to understand Othello’s accusations. Her confusion shows her innocence, while Othello’s fury remains unexplained to her.
• Language Devices: Rhetorical question, contrast between “fury” and “words.”
• Themes: Innocence, Jealousy, Miscommunication – Desdemona’s confusion emphasizes the miscommunication between them, which jealousy has magnified.

---

OTHELLO
Why? What art thou?

• Explanation: Othello, in his rage and confusion, asks Desdemona who she is. This question reveals his emotional detachment and growing distrust.
• Analysis: Othello’s question is a turning point where he begins to question not only Desdemona’s actions but also her identity. It reflects his complete breakdown in perception.
• Language Devices: Question (expressing confusion and suspicion).
• Themes: Jealousy, Identity – Othello’s loss of trust leads him to question the very essence of who Desdemona is to him.

---

DESDEMONA
Your wife, my lord, your true and loyal wife.

• Explanation: Desdemona responds, reaffirming her loyalty to Othello. She insists on her innocence.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s response is a plea for Othello to remember their bond and the truth of her loyalty. This shows her confusion, hurt, and willingness to restore their relationship.
• Language Devices: Assertion (reaffirming her identity as his wife).
• Themes: Loyalty, Innocence, Trust – Desdemona’s loyalty is central to her identity, and she is desperate for Othello to recognize it.

---

OTHELLO
Come, swear it. Damn thyself,
Lest, being like one of heaven, the devils themselves
Should fear to seize thee. Therefore be double
damned.
Swear thou art honest.

• Explanation: Othello demands that Desdemona swear an oath of honesty, but his words are increasingly harsh and accusatory. He even calls for her damnation if she is lying.
• Analysis: Othello’s demand for an oath shows his desperation for confirmation. The shift from a plea to a curse reflects his emotional conflict and distrust.
• Language Devices: Imperative (“Come, swear it”), hyperbole (“double damned”), metaphor (“being like one of heaven” vs. “devils”).
• Themes: Jealousy, Damnation, Mistrust – Othello is consumed by jealousy to the point of wishing for Desdemona’s damnation if she is lying.

---

DESDEMONA
Heaven doth truly know it.

• Explanation: Desdemona swears her innocence to Othello, invoking Heaven as her witness.
• Analysis: This statement is a declaration of her purity and truthfulness. It shows her frustration with the situation and her desperation to make Othello believe her.
• Language Devices: Appeal to Heaven.
• Themes: Innocence, Truth – Desdemona is invoking a higher power to support her honesty.

---

OTHELLO
Heaven truly knows that thou art false as hell.

• Explanation: Othello responds by rejecting her plea, accusing her of being as false as hell itself.
• Analysis: This harsh condemnation reflects Othello’s complete descent into jealousy and irrationality. His belief in her betrayal is now absolute, despite her protests.
• Language Devices: Metaphor (“false as hell”).
• Themes: Jealousy, Betrayal, Damnation – Othello’s jealousy blinds him to Desdemona’s innocence, pushing him to make extreme judgments.

---

DESDEMONA, standing
To whom, my lord? With whom? How am I false?

• Explanation: Desdemona, now standing, challenges Othello’s accusations, asking who she has been unfaithful with and how she has been false.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s standing symbolizes her resistance to the accusations. She is genuinely confused and refuses to accept Othello’s judgment without clarification.
• Language Devices: Rhetorical questions (expressing confusion and challenge).
• Themes: Innocence, Mistrust – Desdemona’s confusion and her need for clarity highlight the unfairness of Othello’s accusations.

---

OTHELLO
Ah, Desdemon, away, away, away!

• Explanation: Othello pushes Desdemona away, emotionally and physically distancing himself from her.
• Analysis: This line marks the culmination of Othello’s emotional breakdown. His distance symbolizes his complete detachment from Desdemona and his unwillingness to listen to her anymore.
• Language Devices: Repetition of “away” (emphasizing rejection).
• Themes: Rejection, Isolation – Othello’s rejection of Desdemona signifies the growing emotional divide between them.

---

DESDEMONA
Alas the heavy day, why do you weep?
Am I the motive of these tears, my lord?
If haply you my father do suspect
An instrument of this your calling back,
Lay not your blame on me. If you have lost him,
I have lost him too.

• Explanation: Desdemona is devastated, asking if she is the reason for Othello’s tears. She suggests that if his sorrow is related to her father, she too grieves for the loss of him.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s grief highlights her genuine concern for Othello, but it also reflects the helplessness she feels in the face of his irrational behavior.
• Language Devices: Rhetorical questions, contrast (Desdemona’s loyalty vs. Othello’s accusations).
• Themes: Innocence, Loyalty, Miscommunication – Desdemona’s grief underscores the tragic misunderstanding between them and her unwavering loyalty to Othello.

OTHELLO
Bid her come hither. Go.

• Explanation: Othello orders Emilia to bring Desdemona to him. His tone is cold and commanding.
• Analysis: Othello is assertive, but his emotions are clearly clouded by jealousy and suspicion.
• Language Devices: Imperative command.
• Themes: Jealousy, Power Dynamics – Othello’s command underscores his belief that he has the power to control the situation.

---

Emilia exits.

OTHELLO
She says enough. Yet she’s a simple bawd
That cannot say as much. This is a subtle whore,
A closet lock and key of villainous secrets.
And yet she’ll kneel and pray. I have seen her do ’t.

• Explanation: After Emilia leaves, Othello expresses his disdain for Desdemona, calling her a “bawd” (a woman who runs a brothel) and accusing her of hiding villainous secrets. He also notes her hypocrisy, as she prays and pretends innocence.
• Analysis: Othello is consumed by jealousy, and his mind is now fully turned against Desdemona. He is attributing deceit and false piety to her based on his baseless suspicions. His words reflect a breakdown in his perception of her.
• Language Devices: Metaphor (“closet lock and key of villainous secrets”), imagery (vivid description of Desdemona’s supposed duplicity), and irony (Desdemona’s piety is juxtaposed with Othello’s accusations).
• Themes: Jealousy, Betrayal, False Piety – Othello’s jealousy transforms him into a person who sees deception everywhere, even in her prayers.

---

Enter Desdemona and Emilia.

DESDEMONA
My lord, what is your will?

• Explanation: Desdemona enters, ready to address Othello’s request, but is confused by his strange behavior.
• Analysis: Desdemona is polite and attentive, though clearly troubled by Othello’s behavior.
• Language Devices: Simple, respectful question.
• Themes: Innocence, Obedience – Desdemona remains obedient and caring despite the tension.

---

OTHELLO
Pray you, chuck, come hither.

• Explanation: Othello calls Desdemona “chuck,” a term of endearment, but his tone is condescending. This shows a shift in how he perceives her, turning affection into manipulation.
• Analysis: The term “chuck” is now tainted by his suspicions. It highlights how Othello’s feelings for Desdemona are being warped by jealousy.
• Language Devices: Term of endearment used ironically.
• Themes: Jealousy, Power Dynamics – Othello’s change in tone reflects the erosion of trust in their relationship.

---

DESDEMONA
What is your pleasure?

• Explanation: Desdemona is trying to understand what Othello wants from her. Her question is one of compliance and confusion.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s response is respectful, indicating her willingness to please Othello, though she is unsure of his motives.
• Language Devices: Simple question.
• Themes: Obedience, Innocence – Desdemona’s response continues to reflect her submissiveness.

---

OTHELLO
Let me see your eyes. Look in my face.

• Explanation: Othello demands that Desdemona look him in the eyes, perhaps trying to discern guilt or deceit.
• Analysis: Othello is searching for signs of dishonesty in Desdemona’s eyes. This moment highlights his lack of trust.
• Language Devices: Command, visual imagery (looking into her eyes).
• Themes: Mistrust, Jealousy – Othello’s growing suspicion compels him to scrutinize every detail, even her gaze.

---

DESDEMONA
What horrible fancy’s this?

• Explanation: Desdemona is confused and alarmed by Othello’s behavior. “Fancy” refers to a fancy thought or delusion.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s bewilderment indicates that she is not privy to Othello’s internal turmoil and is shocked by his irrational behavior.
• Language Devices: Exclamation (“What horrible fancy’s this?”).
• Themes: Innocence, Miscommunication – Desdemona’s genuine confusion contrasts with Othello’s misguided suspicions.

---

OTHELLO, to Emilia
Some of your function, mistress.
Leave procreants alone, and shut the door.
Cough, or cry “hem,” if anybody come.
Your mystery, your mystery! Nay, dispatch.

• Explanation: Othello instructs Emilia to leave and keep watch at the door while he speaks to Desdemona. He refers to Emilia’s role as a “function” (a servant) and uses a dismissive tone.
• Analysis: Othello’s tone is authoritative, reinforcing his sense of control and dominance. His command reflects the growing tension and distrust in the scene.
• Language Devices: Imperatives (“Leave,” “shut,” “cough”), repetition (“mystery, mystery”).
• Themes: Jealousy, Power Dynamics – Othello asserts his control over the situation, trying to keep Desdemona isolated so he can confront her.

---

EMILIA exits.

DESDEMONA, kneeling
Upon my knees, what doth your speech import?
I understand a fury in your words,
But not the words.

• Explanation: Desdemona, confused and hurt, asks Othello to clarify his words. She senses anger but doesn’t understand the reason behind it.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s kneeling symbolizes her submission and desperation to understand Othello’s accusations. Her confusion shows her innocence, while Othello’s fury remains unexplained to her.
• Language Devices: Rhetorical question, contrast between “fury” and “words.”
• Themes: Innocence, Jealousy, Miscommunication – Desdemona’s confusion emphasizes the miscommunication between them, which jealousy has magnified.

---

OTHELLO
Why? What art thou?

• Explanation: Othello, in his rage and confusion, asks Desdemona who she is. This question reveals his emotional detachment and growing distrust.
• Analysis: Othello’s question is a turning point where he begins to question not only Desdemona’s actions but also her identity. It reflects his complete breakdown in perception.
• Language Devices: Question (expressing confusion and suspicion).
• Themes: Jealousy, Identity – Othello’s loss of trust leads him to question the very essence of who Desdemona is to him.

---

DESDEMONA
Your wife, my lord, your true and loyal wife.

• Explanation: Desdemona responds, reaffirming her loyalty to Othello. She insists on her innocence.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s response is a plea for Othello to remember their bond and the truth of her loyalty. This shows her confusion, hurt, and willingness to restore their relationship.
• Language Devices: Assertion (reaffirming her identity as his wife).
• Themes: Loyalty, Innocence, Trust – Desdemona’s loyalty is central to her identity, and she is desperate for Othello to recognize it.

---

OTHELLO
Come, swear it. Damn thyself,
Lest, being like one of heaven, the devils themselves
Should fear to seize thee. Therefore be double
damned.
Swear thou art honest.

• Explanation: Othello demands that Desdemona swear an oath of honesty, but his words are increasingly harsh and accusatory. He even calls for her damnation if she is lying.
• Analysis: Othello’s demand for an oath shows his desperation for confirmation. The shift from a plea to a curse reflects his emotional conflict and distrust.
• Language Devices: Imperative (“Come, swear it”), hyperbole (“double damned”), metaphor (“being like one of heaven” vs. “devils”).
• Themes: Jealousy, Damnation, Mistrust – Othello is consumed by jealousy to the point of wishing for Desdemona’s damnation if she is lying.

---

DESDEMONA
Heaven doth truly know it.

• Explanation: Desdemona swears her innocence to Othello, invoking Heaven as her witness.
• Analysis: This statement is a declaration of her purity and truthfulness. It shows her frustration with the situation and her desperation to make Othello believe her.
• Language Devices: Appeal to Heaven.
• Themes: Innocence, Truth – Desdemona is invoking a higher power to support her honesty.

---

OTHELLO
Heaven truly knows that thou art false as hell.

• Explanation: Othello responds by rejecting her plea, accusing her of being as false as hell itself.
• Analysis: This harsh condemnation reflects Othello’s complete descent into jealousy and irrationality. His belief in her betrayal is now absolute, despite her protests.
• Language Devices: Metaphor (“false as hell”).
• Themes: Jealousy, Betrayal, Damnation – Othello’s jealousy blinds him to Desdemona’s innocence, pushing him to make extreme judgments.

---

DESDEMONA, standing
To whom, my lord? With whom? How am I false?

• Explanation: Desdemona, now standing, challenges Othello’s accusations, asking who she has been unfaithful with and how she has been false.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s standing symbolizes her resistance to the accusations. She is genuinely confused and refuses to accept Othello’s judgment without clarification.
• Language Devices: Rhetorical questions (expressing confusion and challenge).
• Themes: Innocence, Mistrust – Desdemona’s confusion and her need for clarity highlight the unfairness of Othello’s accusations.

---

OTHELLO
Ah, Desdemon, away, away, away!

• Explanation: Othello pushes Desdemona away, emotionally and physically distancing himself from her.
• Analysis: This line marks the culmination of Othello’s emotional breakdown. His distance symbolizes his complete detachment from Desdemona and his unwillingness to listen to her anymore.
• Language Devices: Repetition of “away” (emphasizing rejection).
• Themes: Rejection, Isolation – Othello’s rejection of Desdemona signifies the growing emotional divide between them.

---

DESDEMONA
Alas the heavy day, why do you weep?
Am I the motive of these tears, my lord?
If haply you my father do suspect
An instrument of this your calling back,
Lay not your blame on me. If you have lost him,
I have lost him too.

• Explanation: Desdemona is devastated, asking if she is the reason for Othello’s tears. She suggests that if his sorrow is related to her father, she too grieves for the loss of him.
• Analysis: Desdemona’s grief highlights her genuine concern for Othello, but it also reflects the helplessness she feels in the face of his irrational behavior.
• Language Devices: Rhetorical questions, contrast (Desdemona’s loyalty vs. Othello’s accusations).
• Themes: Innocence, Loyalty, Miscommunication – Desdemona’s grief underscores the tragic misunderstanding between them and her unwavering loyalty to Othello.

OTHELLO

“Was this fair paper, this most goodly book, Made to write “whore” upon? What committed?”

• Explanation: Othello is speaking to Desdemona, accusing her of being unfaithful. He refers to her as a “fair paper” or “goodly book,” which is a metaphor for her pure reputation. He questions whether such a woman was meant to be branded a “whore.”
• Theme: Jealousy – Othello’s jealousy drives him to view Desdemona in the worst light.
• Language Device: Metaphor – Comparing Desdemona to a book that can be written upon, symbolizing her reputation.

“Committed? Committed? O thou public commoner, I should make very forges of my cheeks That would to cinders burn up modesty, Did I but speak thy deeds.”

• Explanation: Othello repeats “committed” to emphasize his disbelief and anger. He then imagines that if he were to reveal Desdemona’s actions, his shame would be so intense that it would burn up all his modesty.
• Theme: Reputation and Honor – Othello is fixated on reputation and the idea of public shame.
• Language Device: Hyperbole – The “forges of my cheeks” and “cinders burning up modesty” exaggerate Othello’s emotional turmoil.

“What committed? Heaven stops the nose at it, and the moon winks; The bawdy wind that kisses all it meets Is hushed within the hollow mine of earth And will not hear ’t.”

• Explanation: Othello is so disgusted by the thought of Desdemona’s actions that he says even Heaven and the moon would turn away from it. He further imagines the wind, which touches everything, refusing to carry the news of her “sin.”
• Theme: Disgust and Betrayal – Othello’s perception of Desdemona’s alleged betrayal is so revolting that even nature would reject it.
• Language Device: Personification – Giving human characteristics to the moon, wind, and earth (as if they can stop their actions in response to her behavior).

“What committed? Impudent strumpet!”

• Explanation: Othello shouts in anger, calling Desdemona a “strumpet” (a prostitute) in a fit of rage and accusation.
• Theme: Misogyny – Othello’s words reflect a deep disrespect for women, especially when he’s overcome by jealousy.
• Language Device: Direct Address – Othello speaks directly to Desdemona, showing his contempt.

DESDEMONA

“By heaven, you do me wrong!”

• Explanation: Desdemona defends herself, denying the accusations. She swears by Heaven that Othello is unjust in his accusations.
• Theme: Innocence and Honor – Desdemona is still trying to protect her honor, asserting her innocence.
• Language Device: Exclamation – Desdemona uses a passionate cry to emphasize her distress.

“Are not you a strumpet?”

• Explanation: Othello accuses Desdemona again, asking if she isn’t a “strumpet” (a prostitute).
• Theme: Betrayal – Othello’s jealousy leads him to question her character, disregarding her loyalty.

“No, as I am a Christian!”

• Explanation: Desdemona responds that she is not a “strumpet” because she is a Christian, implying that her faith forbids such behavior.
• Theme: Faith and Morality – Desdemona emphasizes her religious faith to justify her purity and honesty.
• Language Device: Religious Allusion – Referring to Christianity as a moral safeguard.

“If to preserve this vessel for my lord From any other foul unlawful touch Be not to be a strumpet, I am none.”

• Explanation: Desdemona further defends herself, explaining that if protecting her marriage and staying faithful to her husband makes her a “strumpet,” then she is not one.
• Theme: Loyalty – Desdemona’s loyalty to Othello is central to her identity, and she rejects the notion of infidelity.
• Language Device: Metaphor – Desdemona refers to her body as a “vessel,” symbolizing her purity and commitment.

“What, not a whore?”

• Explanation: Othello questions again, still disbelieving that she could be so innocent.
• Theme: Jealousy and Doubt – Othello’s jealousy is clouding his judgment, and he cannot accept her innocence.
• Language Device: Rhetorical Question – Othello’s disbelief comes through as he questions her purity.

“No, as I shall be saved.”

• Explanation: Desdemona says that she is not a “whore” as long as she is saved, meaning her soul is protected by her faith.
• Theme: Faith and Innocence – She ties her innocence to her religious faith and salvation.
• Language Device: Religious Reference – Using salvation as a metaphor for her purity.

“Is ’t possible?”

• Explanation: Othello is surprised and questions if it’s really true that she is innocent.
• Theme: Doubt and Confusion – Othello is filled with uncertainty and disbelief.

DESDEMONA

“O, heaven forgive us!”

• Explanation: Desdemona asks for forgiveness, likely for the pain she is causing Othello with her innocence, and possibly for any misunderstanding.
• Theme: Forgiveness and Repentance – Desdemona remains peaceful and hopeful for reconciliation, asking for divine forgiveness.
• Language Device: Exclamation – Expresses despair and a plea for forgiveness.

“I cry you mercy, then.”

• Explanation: Othello apologizes, realizing he might have wronged her. He says “I cry you mercy” as a way of asking for forgiveness.
• Theme: Regret and Guilt – Othello feels guilty for accusing her, even though he remains unsure of her innocence.

“I took you for that cunning whore of Venice That married with Othello.”

• Explanation: Othello admits that he mistook her for a “whore of Venice,” someone who deceived Othello into marrying her. He’s referring to his past suspicions about her loyalty.
• Theme: Deception and Misunderstanding – Othello is still unable to see Desdemona clearly due to Iago’s manipulation.
• Language Device: Direct Address – Othello is speaking directly to Desdemona.

Enter Emilia

“That have the office opposite to Saint Peter And keeps the gate of hell—you, you, ay, you!”

• Explanation: Othello is now addressing Emilia, accusing her of being a part of the conspiracy against him, using religious imagery to describe her as the keeper of hell’s gate.
• Theme: Corruption and Evil – Othello is beginning to distrust all the women around him, even Emilia.
• Language Device: Religious Imagery – Emilia is compared to someone who guards the gates of hell, symbolizing evil or betrayal.

“We have done our course. There’s money for your pains.”

• Explanation: Othello tells Emilia that their business is finished, and he gives her money as payment for her service.
• Theme: Transactional Relationships – Othello seems to treat even his personal relationships with a transactional view.
• Language Device: Irony – Emilia is being paid after being insulted and accused.

“I pray you turn the key and keep our counsel.”

• Explanation: Othello asks Emilia to keep the matter secret, further showing his mistrust and secrecy.
• Theme: Secrecy and Control – Othello wants to control the situation and keep things hidden.

EMILIA

“Alas, what does this gentleman conceive?”

• Explanation: Emilia is confused and worried about Othello’s behavior. She questions what he believes is going on.
• Theme: Confusion – Emilia is unsure of what Othello is thinking and why he is acting this way.

“How do you, madam? How do you, my good lady?”

• Explanation: Emilia asks Desdemona how she is, concerned for her well-being after Othello’s accusations.
• Theme: Friendship and Loyalty – Emilia is concerned for Desdemona’s emotional state.

“Faith, half asleep.”

• Explanation: Desdemona responds that she is tired and half-asleep, showing her emotional exhaustion.
• Theme: Exhaustion – Desdemona is mentally and emotionally drained from the ongoing tension.

DESDEMONA

“Good madam, what’s the matter with my lord?”

• Explanation: Emilia asks Desdemona what is wrong with Othello, sensing that something is off.
• Theme: Concern and Worry – Emilia is concerned about Othello’s erratic behavior.

“With who?”

• Explanation: Desdemona is so detached or confused that she doesn’t even know who Emilia is talking about.
• Theme: Alienation – Desdemona seems emotionally distant or overwhelmed.

“Who is thy lord?”

• Explanation: Desdemona asks who Emilia is referring to, showing her complete disconnect from the situation.
• Theme: Emotional Detachment – Desdemona is overwhelmed, possibly sensing something terrible is about to happen.

“I have none. Do not talk to me, Emilia.”

• Explanation: Desdemona says she has no “lord” (referring to Othello), perhaps symbolizing her feeling of being abandoned or lost.
• Theme: Loneliness and Isolation – Desdemona feels alone in her suffering.

IAGO:

“What is your pleasure, madam? How is ’t with you?”

• Explanation: Iago asks Desdemona how she’s doing. The phrase “What is your pleasure?” is a formal way of asking what she wants or how she is feeling.
• Language devices: Polite phrasing, formal tone.

DESDEMONA:

“I cannot tell. Those that do teach young babes
Do it with gentle means and easy tasks.
He might have chid me so, for, in good faith,
I am a child to chiding.”

• Explanation: Desdemona is feeling confused and says that when people teach children, they do it gently, unlike the way Othello has been harsh with her. She compares herself to a child, vulnerable to criticism.
• Themes: Innocence, vulnerability, the nature of relationships (Desdemona’s dependency on Othello).
• Language devices: Metaphor – Desdemona compares herself to a child, emphasizing her helplessness and innocence.

IAGO:

“What is the matter, lady?”

• Explanation: Iago asks again what is wrong, though he already knows it’s related to Othello’s treatment of Desdemona.
• Language devices: Simple inquiry, adds to the tension of Iago feigning concern.

EMILIA:

“Alas, Iago, my lord hath so bewhored her,
Thrown such despite and heavy terms upon her
As true hearts cannot bear.”

• Explanation: Emilia reveals that Othello has been cruel to Desdemona, calling her vile names (“bewhored” refers to calling her a prostitute).
• Themes: Betrayal, loyalty, emotional abuse.
• Language devices: Hyperbole (“true hearts cannot bear”), Alliteration (“bewhored” and “heavy terms”).

DESDEMONA:

“Am I that name, Iago?”

• Explanation: Desdemona is in disbelief, asking if Othello truly called her a “whore.”
• Themes: Identity, self-worth, the effect of words.

IAGO:

“What name, fair lady?”

• Explanation: Iago pretends not to know which name she means, acting innocent.
• Language devices: Dramatic irony (the audience knows Iago’s manipulation).

DESDEMONA:

“Such as she said my lord did say I was.”

• Explanation: Desdemona reveals that Othello called her a “whore” as Emilia said.
• Themes: The power of accusations, reputation, and trust.

EMILIA:

“He called her ‘whore.’ A beggar in his drink
Could not have laid such terms upon his callet.”

• Explanation: Emilia expresses anger, saying even a drunk beggar wouldn’t use such degrading terms as Othello did.
• Language devices: Metaphor (“a beggar in his drink”), Allusion to how low a person would have to be to speak like that.

IAGO:

“Why did he so?”

• Explanation: Iago pretends to be surprised, feigning concern and asking why Othello would call Desdemona a “whore.”
• Language devices: Feigned ignorance, Rhetorical question.

DESDEMONA:

“I do not know. I am sure I am none such.”

• Explanation: Desdemona defends herself, claiming she does not know why Othello said that and insists she is not a “whore.”
• Themes: Innocence, self-defense, internal conflict.

IAGO:

“Do not weep, do not weep! Alas the day!”

• Explanation: Iago pretends to comfort Desdemona, encouraging her not to cry, even though he is the one who has caused her distress.
• Language devices: Irony (Iago pretends sympathy).

EMILIA:

“Hath she forsook so many noble matches,
Her father and her country and her friends,
To be called ‘whore’? Would it not make one
weep?”

• Explanation: Emilia expresses her frustration and says that Desdemona has given up so much for Othello, and now she’s being insulted by him, which is heartbreaking.
• Themes: Sacrifice, injustice, loyalty.
• Language devices: Rhetorical question, Hyperbole (“so many noble matches”).

DESDEMONA:

“It is my wretched fortune.”

• Explanation: Desdemona resigns to her fate, saying that her misfortune is the reason she is being treated this way.
• Themes: Fate, powerlessness, resignation.

IAGO:

“Beshrew him for ’t! How comes this trick upon him?”

• Explanation: Iago expresses mock anger towards Othello, pretending to wonder how he could have fallen for such a “trick” (his suspicions about Desdemona).
• Language devices: Dramatic irony (audience knows Iago is the cause of the trick).

DESDEMONA:

“Nay, heaven doth know.”

• Explanation: Desdemona says that only heaven knows why Othello would treat her this way.
• Themes: Fate, divine justice.

EMILIA:

“I will be hanged if some eternal villain,
Some busy and insinuating rogue,
Some cogging, cozening slave, to get some office,
Have not devised this slander. I will be hanged else.”

• Explanation: Emilia swears that some malicious person, a “villain,” has made up this lie to ruin Desdemona’s reputation.
• Themes: Deception, betrayal, injustice.
• Language devices: Rhetorical question, Repetition of “some.”

IAGO:

“Fie, there is no such man. It is impossible.”

• Explanation: Iago dismisses Emilia’s accusation, pretending that no one could have possibly slandered Desdemona like that.
• Language devices: Dramatic irony (the audience knows Iago is the culprit).

DESDEMONA:

“If any such there be, heaven pardon him.”

• Explanation: Desdemona, still being innocent and forgiving, asks for heaven to pardon whoever has done this to her.
• Themes: Forgiveness, innocence.

EMILIA:

“A halter pardon him, and hell gnaw his bones!
Why should he call her ‘whore’? Who keeps her
company? What place? What time? What form? What
likelihood?
The Moor’s abused by some most villainous knave,
Some base notorious knave, some scurvy fellow.
O heaven, that such companions thou ’dst unfold,
And put in every honest hand a whip
To lash the rascals naked through the world,
Even from the east to th’ west!”

• Explanation: Emilia’s anger grows as she imagines the person who falsely slandered Desdemona. She demands justice and wishes for the scoundrels to be punished.
• Themes: Justice, anger, corruption.
• Language devices: Hyperbole (exaggerated language for dramatic effect), Alliteration (“knave,” “notorious knave,” “scurvy fellow”), Anaphora (repetition of “some”).

IAGO:

“Speak within door.”

• Explanation: Iago tells Emilia to be quiet, as she is speaking too loudly about the situation.
• Language devices: Imperative (command).

EMILIA:

“O, fie upon them! Some such squire he was
That turned your wit the seamy side without
And made you to suspect me with the Moor.”

• Explanation: Emilia is angry, likely referring to someone who has manipulated her into thinking badly of others (perhaps referring to Iago’s earlier manipulation). She is lamenting how her mind was turned against others, particularly Othello.
• Themes: Betrayal, manipulation, frustration.
• Language devices: Metaphor (“turned your wit the seamy side”), Rhetorical expression (“O, fie upon them!”), highlighting Emilia’s frustration.

IAGO:

“You are a fool. Go to!”

• Explanation: Iago dismisses Emilia’s outburst, calling her foolish for speaking out. His tone here is harsh and condescending.
• Themes: Power dynamics, condescension.
• Language devices: Direct insult, Imperative (command to “go to” her).

DESDEMONA:

“Alas, Iago,
What shall I do to win my lord again?
Good friend, go to him. For by this light of heaven,
I know not how I lost him.”

• Explanation: Desdemona expresses sorrow and confusion, asking Iago what she can do to regain her husband’s favor. She speaks with desperation, saying that she doesn’t understand why Othello has turned against her.
• Themes: Regret, confusion, reconciliation.
• Language devices: Rhetorical question, Apostrophe (addressing Iago directly as “good friend” in a moment of distress).

DESDEMONA:

“She kneels. Here I kneel.
If e’er my will did trespass ’gainst his love,
Either in discourse of thought or actual deed,
Or that mine eyes, mine ears, or any sense
Delighted them in any other form,
Or that I do not yet, and ever did,
And ever will—though he do shake me off
To beggarly divorcement—love him dearly,
Comfort forswear me!”

• Explanation: Desdemona kneels, begging forgiveness and expressing her love for Othello. She swears that if she has ever wronged him in thought or deed, or if she has ever been unfaithful, she will not seek comfort again.
• Themes: Love, penitence, loyalty.
• Language devices: Alliteration (“discourse of thought”), Repetition (“ever did,” “ever will”), Hyperbole (swearing to never seek comfort again).

DESDEMONA:

“Unkindness may do much,
And his unkindness may defeat my life,
But never taint my love.”

• Explanation: Desdemona acknowledges that Othello’s cruelty could hurt her deeply, but she insists that it will never diminish her love for him.
• Themes: Loyalty, suffering, unconditional love.
• Language devices: Antithesis (contrast between “unkindness” and “love”).

DESDEMONA:

“I cannot say ‘whore’—
It does abhor me now I speak the word.
To do the act that might the addition earn,
Not the world’s mass of vanity could make me.”

• Explanation: Desdemona refuses to call herself a “whore,” saying the word repulses her. She declares that no matter what has happened, she could never behave in a way that would deserve such an insult.
• Themes: Honor, purity, self-respect.
• Language devices: Repetition (“I cannot say ‘whore’”), Antithesis (contrast between “whore” and “the world’s mass of vanity”).

IAGO:

“I pray you be content. ’Tis but his humor.
The business of the state does him offense,
And he does chide with you.”

• Explanation: Iago pretends to explain away Othello’s behavior, claiming it’s just a mood caused by the stresses of state business.
• Themes: Deception, manipulation, feigned sympathy.
• Language devices: Diminutive language (“’Tis but his humor”) to make light of Othello’s actions, downplaying their severity.

DESDEMONA:

“If ’twere no other—”

• Explanation: Desdemona seems to consider Iago’s explanation, but there’s doubt in her voice. She’s not entirely convinced, and it seems as though she is still questioning the nature of Othello’s behavior.
• Themes: Doubt, uncertainty.

IAGO:

“It is but so, I warrant.”

• Explanation: Iago reaffirms that what he’s said is true, again reassuring Desdemona with a false sense of certainty.
• Themes: Deception, false reassurance.
• Language devices: Confidence in falsehood (“I warrant”), Rhetorical manipulation.

Trumpets sound.

• Explanation: The sound of trumpets marks the approach of supper and provides a break in the emotional tension.
• Themes: Social roles, public duty (the royal or state responsibilities that come before personal issues).

IAGO:

“Hark how these instruments summon to supper.
The messengers of Venice stays the meat.
Go in and weep not. All things shall be well.”

• Explanation: Iago tries to comfort Desdemona, telling her to stop crying and join the others for supper. He assures her that things will be fine, even though he’s the one causing the turmoil.
• Themes: False hope, deception.
• Language devices: Irony (false reassurances), Aural imagery (the trumpets signify the shift from private pain to public duties).

Desdemona and Emilia exit.

• Explanation: This marks the end of the scene, with Desdemona leaving in her grief and Emilia following her, possibly still harboring her own doubts and frustrations.

RODERIGO:

“I do not find
That thou deal’st justly with me.”

• Explanation: Roderigo expresses his frustration with Iago, feeling betrayed and deceived by him. He feels that Iago has not been straightforward or fair in their dealings.
• Themes: Betrayal, frustration.
• Language devices: Direct accusation (“deal’st justly”).

IAGO:

“What in the contrary?”

• Explanation: Iago responds defensively, feigning innocence and confusion, trying to turn Roderigo’s accusations around.
• Themes: Manipulation, deceit.
• Language devices: Pretended ignorance (“What in the contrary?”).

RODERIGO:

“Every day thou daff’st me with some device,
Iago, and rather, as it seems to me now,
keep’st from me all conveniency than suppliest me
with the least advantage of hope.”

• Explanation: Roderigo complains that Iago has been leading him on with empty promises and false hope, causing him more harm than good.
• Themes: Deception, manipulation.
• Language devices: Metaphor (“daff’st me with some device”), Hyperbole (“keep’st from me all conveniency”).

RODERIGO:

“I will indeed no longer endure it. Nor am I yet persuaded to put up in peace what already I have foolishly suffered.”

• Explanation: Roderigo vows to no longer tolerate Iago’s treatment and feels regret for the past.
• Themes: Regret, defiance.
• Language devices: Emotive language (“foolishly suffered”), Hyperbole (“no longer endure it”).

IAGO:

“Will you hear me, Roderigo?”

• Explanation: Iago, ever the manipulator, tries to calm Roderigo down and gain his attention in a controlled manner.
• Themes: Manipulation, persuasion.
• Language devices: Polite request (softening the situation).

RODERIGO:

“Faith, I have heard too much, and your words and performances are no kin together.”

• Explanation: Roderigo rejects Iago’s attempt at talking, saying that Iago’s words do not match his actions.
• Themes: Disillusionment, realization.
• Language devices: Contrast (between words and actions), Metaphor (“no kin together”).

IAGO:

“You charge me most unjustly.”

• Explanation: Iago again tries to defend himself by claiming that Roderigo’s accusations are unfounded.
• Themes: False innocence, deceit.
• Language devices: Denying the accusation (“most unjustly”).

RODERIGO:

“With naught but truth. I have wasted myself
out of my means. The jewels you have had
from me to deliver to Desdemona would half have
corrupted a votaress.”

• Explanation: Roderigo accuses Iago of wasting his money and promises, suggesting that Desdemona’s supposed acceptance of the jewels would have compromised her honor.
• Themes: Waste, regret, moral corruption.
• Language devices: Allusion (“half have corrupted a votaress”).

IAGO:

“Well, go to! Very well.”

• Explanation: Iago dismisses Roderigo’s concerns with indifference, trying to calm him down with feigned agreement.
• Themes: Indifference, manipulation.
• Language devices: Dismissive language (“go to,” “very well”).

RODERIGO:

“I tell you ’tis not very well! I will make
myself known to Desdemona.”

• Explanation: Roderigo threatens to confront Desdemona directly, promising to reclaim the jewels or end his pursuit of her.
• Themes: Frustration, defiance, desperation.
• Language devices: Repetition (“’tis not very well”), Declarative sentence (threatening action).

IAGO:

“I grant indeed it hath not appeared, and your
suspicion is not without wit and judgment. But,
Roderigo, if thou hast that in thee indeed which I
have greater reason to believe now than ever—I
mean purpose, courage, and valor—this night show
it.”

• Explanation: Iago praises Roderigo for his courage and hints at an opportunity to prove his bravery, playing on his desire to win Desdemona.
• Themes: Manipulation, ambition, bravery.
• Language devices: Flattery (“purpose, courage, and valor”).

RODERIGO:

“Well, what is it? Is it within reason and
compass?”

• Explanation: Roderigo, intrigued, asks for further details about Iago’s plan, eager to prove himself.
• Themes: Eagerness, willingness to act.
• Language devices: Questioning (seeking clarification).

IAGO:

“Sir, there is especial commission come from
Venice to depute Cassio in Othello’s place.”

• Explanation: Iago presents a fabricated reason, claiming that Venice has sent a commission to replace Othello with Cassio, giving Roderigo a false sense of purpose.
• Themes: Deception, political manipulation.
• Language devices: Fabrication (false explanation), Rhetorical manipulation.

RODERIGO:

“Is that true? Why, then, Othello and Desdemona
return again to Venice.”

• Explanation: Roderigo is hopeful that this will lead to Desdemona’s return to Venice, allowing him a chance to pursue her.
• Themes: Hope, misinterpretation.
• Language devices: Naive response (believing the false narrative).

IAGO:

“O, no. He goes into Mauritania and takes away
with him the fair Desdemona, unless his abode be
lingered here by some accident—wherein none
can be so determinate as the removing of Cassio.”

• Explanation: Iago cleverly manipulates Roderigo, explaining that Othello plans to leave for Mauritania with Desdemona, and that Cassio’s removal is the key to preventing this.
• Themes: Manipulation, false hope.
• Language devices: False narrative (making up Othello’s plans), Irony (the plan is fabricated).

RODERIGO:

“How do you mean, removing him?”

• Explanation: Roderigo is curious about how they could remove Cassio from the picture, still trusting Iago.
• Themes: Trust, willingness to act.
• Language devices: Inquisitive tone (asking about the plan).

IAGO:

“Why, by making him uncapable of Othello’s
place: knocking out his brains.”

• Explanation: Iago directly proposes murder, suggesting they kill Cassio to remove him as a rival.
• Themes: Violence, manipulation, murder.
• Language devices: Blunt language (“knocking out his brains”), Direct threat.

RODERIGO:

“And that you would have me to do?”

• Explanation: Roderigo is hesitant but asks if Iago truly wants him to kill Cassio, revealing his moral conflict.
• Themes: Hesitation, moral conflict.
• Language devices: Questioning (seeking confirmation).

IAGO:

“Ay, if you dare do yourself a profit and a right.”

• Explanation: Iago pressures Roderigo by appealing to his desire for self-interest and profit, framing the murder as something that will benefit him.
• Themes: Self-interest, manipulation.
• Language devices: Coercion (“if you dare”).

RODERIGO:

“Well, what is it? Is it within reason and
compass?”

• Explanation: Roderigo asks if the plan is realistic and within his capabilities, indicating his willingness but still seeking reassurance.
• Themes: Doubt, willingness to act.
• Language devices: Inquisitive tone.

IAGO:

“Sir, there is especial commission come from
Venice to depute Cassio in Othello’s place.”

• Explanation: Iago repeats the fabricated information about Cassio being sent to take Othello’s place to further manipulate Roderigo.
• Themes: Deception, political intrigue.
• Language devices: False narrative.